Quick links
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Water molecule
Hydrogen bonding
Phase diagram
Water spectrum
Ionization
Anomalies
Water properties
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Water clusters
Protein hydration
Hydrocolloids
Ions
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Table of Contents
Site map
Water Structure and Science
Preface and site entrance
The water molecule
The structure of the water molecule
Easier introduction to the water molecule
The molecular orbitals of water, H
2
O
Hydrogen bonding in water
Easier introduction to hydrogen bonding in water
How closely suited are the properties of water for life?
The molecular orbitals of a water dimer, (H
2
O)
2
The molecular orbitals of a water cyclic pentamer, (H
2
O)
5
The Phase Diagram of water
Ice, introduction
Hexagonal ice
Cubic ice
Ice-two
Ice-three
Ice-four
Ice-five
Ice-six
Ice-seven
Ice-eight
Ice-nine
Ice-ten
Ice-eleven
Ice-twelve
Ice-thirteen
Ice-fourteen
Ice-fifteen
Amorphous ice
Clathrates
I
,
II
& H
Molecular vibration and absorption of water
Water ionization,
2H
2
O = H
3
O
+
+ OH
-
Hydrogen ions
Hydroxide ions
The Grotthuss mechanism
The molecular orbitals of the H
3
O
+
and OH
-
ions
The molecular orbitals of the hydrated hydroxide ion, H
3
O
2
-
The molecular orbitals of the dihydronium ions, H
5
O
2
+
Water at interfaces
Confined water
Interfacial water and water-gas interfaces
Nanobubbles
Sixty-six anomalous properties of water
Phase anomalies P1-P12
Density anomalies D1-D20
Material anomalies M1-M12
Thermodynamic anomalies T1-T11
Physical anomalies F1-F12
Properties of water and heavy water (112 KB)
Short properties list for liquid H
2
O
Changes in some properties with temperature
Changes in some further properties with temperature
Important constants and conversion factors
Unexplained properties of water
Vapor pressure-Temperature behavior
Pressure-Temperature-Density behavior
Volume-Temperature behavior
Temperature-viscosity behavior
Water molecular models
Water clustering in liquid water
Overview of the structuring in liquid water
Introduction to water clustering
A brief history of water clusters
Outline of methods for investigating water structure
The icosahedral (H
2
O)
280
water clusters
Water cluster equilibria, puckering and temperature effects
Explanation of water cluster equilibria using animated gifs
Water icosahedral cluster architecture
Spherical coordinates of the icosahedral water clusters
Shell radii and occupancy of the icosahedral water clusters
Superstrands of water icosahedral clusters
Alternative icosahedral clustering of water
Alternative tetrahedral clustering of water
Water cluster architecture, based on gas clathrates
Paper model of an icosahedral water structure
Evidence for icosahedral water clusters
Water cluster conclusions
Hydration
Protein hydration
Protein folding and denaturation
Nucleic acid hydration
Sugar hydration
Aqueous properties of the cyclodextrins
Polysaccharide hydration
Introduction to polysaccharides
Chart showing the furan pseudorotational angles
Hydrocolloids and gums
Agar
Alginate
Arabinoxylan
Carrageenan
CMC
Cellulose
Curdlan
Gelatin
Gellan
β-Glucan
Gum arabic
Guar gum
Locust bean gum
Pectin
Starch
Xanthan gum
Hydrocolloid rheology
Hydrocolloids and health (Dietary fiber)
Ion hydration
The Hofmeister series
The H
3
O
+
magic number cluster ions
Water clustering around the SO
4
2-
cluster
Water clustering around the CO
2
cluster
Kosmotropes and chaotropes
Hydrophobic hydration
Intracellular water
Water and life
Water and health
Magnetic and electric effects on water
Water and microwaves
Dielectric constant and polarization
The complex dielectric permittivity behavior of water
Water activity
Colligative properties of water
Aqueous biphasic systems
Polyoxomolybdate systems
{Mo
132
} nanocapsule and aqueous nanodrop
{Mo
154
} nanowheel
Aqueous solutions of C
60
and C
70
Frequently asked questions concerning liquid water
How can hot water freeze quicker than cold water?
Can water be prevented from freezing by increasing the pressure?
Is water good for you?
Is water blue?
Why does salt lower the freezing point of water?
Does water have a memory?
Does magnetic descaling of water work?
How can a liquid have a structure?
Does the radial distribution peak at about 3.7 Å exist?
Is there fine structure in the radial distribution function?
Do interstitial water molecules exist?
How is icosahedral clustering related to the two-state mixture model?
Water-related material
Homeopathy
Memory of water
'Polywater', declustered water and other waters
Novel fulleranes
Platonic solids and water
Contributed papers
J. G. Watterson,
Enzyme function: random events or coherent action?
Book reviews
Aqueous systems at elevated temperatures and pressures
Handbook of refractive index and dispersion of water for scientists
and engineers
References
1 - 100
101 - 200
201 - 300
301 - 400
401 - 500
501 - 600
601 - 700
701 - 800
801 - 900
901 - 1000
1001 - 1100
1101 - 1200
1201 - 1300
1301 - 1400
1401 - 1500
1501 - 1600
Visitor's Book, recent postings
Visitor's Book archive 2000-2003
Visitor's Book archive 2004-2006
Post your news and views to the Guest book
Water related links
Site news
Site map
This page was last updated by
Martin Chaplin
on 13 December, 2008
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution
-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 UK: England & Wales License